不同播期对冀东地区玉米田禾蓟马发生量和玉米产量的影响

为了探索冀东地区玉米播期与禾蓟马发生量和玉米产量之间的关系,以生产常用玉米品种郑单958为试材,在4月30日～7月19日每隔10d设定1个播期,研究了9个不同播期处理对禾蓟马发生量和玉米产量的影响,以确定冀东地区玉米禾蓟马为害率较低且产量较高的适宜播种日期。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,禾蓟马发生量呈增加一减少一增加的趋势,玉米产量呈减少一增加一减少的趋势,其中,4月30日播种的玉米未见到禾蓟马发生、产量最高,5月10日和6月29日播种的玉米虫害率较低、产量较高,但3个播期处理的玉米产量差异均不显著。建议冀东地区春播玉米选择4月30日～5月10日播种,夏播玉米选择6月29日前后播种,以降低禾蓟马对玉米产量的影响。     

西花蓟马和花蓟马在辣椒上的种群动态

为了明确种间竞争对西花蓟马和花蓟马种群数量增长的影响,研究了西花蓟马和花蓟马单种种群和两种蓟马混合种群在辣椒上的数量动态。结果表明:单种种群中花蓟马的增长速度大于西花蓟马;两种蓟马混合种群中,西花蓟马的种群增长速度大于花蓟马。说明,西花蓟马的种群增长受种间竞争影响较小,而花蓟马种群的增长受到的抑制作用较大,两种蓟马的种间竞争中,西花蓟马具有更强的竞争能力。     

天竺葵品种、胡瓜钝绥螨和花粉对西花蓟马为害水平影响

研究了天竺葵品种、释放胡瓜钝绥螨和添加花粉对西花蓟马为害水平的影响。结果表明,是否添加花粉和添加花粉的时间对西花蓟马的为害水平没有影响,而品种对西花蓟马的为害水平有显著影响,并且品种和胡瓜钝绥螨对西花蓟马的为害水平有交互作用,在每一个相同的胡瓜钝绥螨处理下,西花蓟马对品种Sybil Holmes为害水平明显高于Amethyst 96。在不同品种上,胡瓜钝绥螨作用不同,对于品种Sybil Holmes来说,是否释放胡瓜钝绥螨以及不同释放比例对西花蓟马的为害水平没有影响,而对于品种Amethyst 96,在胡瓜钝绥螨与西花蓟马为1∶2高比例释放胡瓜钝绥螨处理下,西花蓟马的为害水平明显低于1∶10低比例释放和没有释放胡瓜钝绥螨的处理。     

Inheritance of useful traits in cassava grown in subhumid conditions

A diallel study among nine parental clones of cassava was conducted in the subhumid environment on the northern coast of Colombia. Analysis of variance suggested significant effects for the six variables analysed: fresh‐root yield, harvest index, root dry matter content, height of first branching, reaction to thrips and plant‐type scores. General and specific combining ability effects and their interaction with the environment were significant for most of the variables as well. Results suggested that dominance plays a particularly important role in the cases of fresh‐root yield and harvest index but had relatively little importance in the reaction to thrips, dry matter content or height of first branching. Specific breeding approaches are suggested for these traits, depending on the relative importance of additive or non‐additive effects in their inheritance. The correlations among different traits were also analysed and in several cases their magnitude reached statistical and biological significance.     

西花蓟马生长发育及其与寄主花化学物质的关系

为明确寄主对西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)生长发育的影响,采用非自由选择法,研究了西花蓟马在月季、康乃馨、百合、天竺葵及牵牛等5种植物花上的生长发育及存活差异,及其与寄主营养物质(可溶性蛋白质、糖)、次生物质(单宁酸、黄酮和总酚)含量的相关性。结果表明,西花蓟马在5种植物的花上不同阶段的生长发育及存活都有不同程度的显著性差异。总体来说,西花蓟马在月季花上发育最快(整个未成熟期为11.02 d),牵牛花上发育最慢(整个未成熟期为13.21 d);世代存活率在百合花上最高(84%),天竺葵上最低(76%);寄主的营养物质、次生物质含量也存在显著性差异。相关分析表明,西花蓟马的发育速率与寄主的可溶性蛋白质含量存在显著正相关关系(R=0.896,P=0.040),与单宁酸(R=-0.917,P=0.01)、黄酮(R=-0.921,P=0.014)及总酚含量(R=-0.905,P=0.013)存在显著的负相关关系,与可溶性含糖量无显著相关关系(R=0.40,P=0.505);西花蓟马的存活率与寄主的各类化学物质均无显著相关关系。因此,寄主花的蛋白质含量越高,对西花蓟马的生长发育越有利,而单宁酸、黄酮及总酚含量越高,则不利于其生长发育。     

Roadside ditches as corridors for range expansion of the western harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson)

The northeasternmost range extent of the western harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson) occurs just east of the Missouri River in North Dakota. The earliest known records (1882) of this species place it in the same general position as existed at the time of the first exhaustive survey in 1966. A 1990 survey reveals substantial eastward and northward range expansion beyond locations known to be stable between 1966 and 1978. This suggests that this species' range has not yet stabilized with post quaternary climatic changes. Field observations show that, near the expanding edge of its range, a strong relationship exists between anthropogenic modification of the landscape and locational propensity. Specifically, land uses which periodically disrupt the soil, such as row cropping, show a nearly absolute lack of occupancy, while the well-drained, sheltered roadside ditches are heavily populated by P. occidentalis. The roads themselves closely resemble bare-soil, post-nuptial landing sites known to encourage P. occidentalis ant colonization. This strongly suggests that the roadside ditches act as corridors for range expansion of the species. The similarity between road network density within and beyond the species range, combined with severe drought conditions during 1988 and 1989 indicate that climate, as a regional scale variable, is the stimulus for range expansion, while landscape level queues provided by the roadside ditches, are the mechanism by which it is accomplished. Of the site level factors examined, only roadside ditch azimuths and soil texture showed statistical significance as possible locational factors, but no causal mechanism can be assumed.     

3种茄科类作物花期西花蓟马种群调查

对3种茄科类作物(番茄、辣椒、茄子)花期西花蓟马的种群动态进行了调查。结果表明,西花蓟马成虫在3种作物开花初期数量较多,若虫数量在整个花期变化不明显。番茄花上成虫量最多为5.6只/朵,若虫量最多为1.4只/朵;辣椒花上成虫量最多为7.8只/朵,若虫量最多为1.4只/朵;茄子花上成虫量最多为13只/朵,若虫量最多为2.6只/朵。     

CO2浓度倍增下氟吡呋喃酮对西花蓟马保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

为探究大气CO₂浓度升高条件下西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis对新烟碱类杀虫剂氟吡呋喃酮的生理代谢机制,在正常(400μL/L)和倍增(800μL/L)CO₂浓度下采用浸渍法测定氟吡呋喃酮对西花蓟马的毒力,研究氟吡呋喃酮低致死剂量LC₂₀处理对西花蓟马超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GST)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)活性的影响。结果表明,CO₂浓度倍增条件下,氟吡呋喃酮对西花蓟马的致死中浓度LC₅₀为293.78 mg/L,仅为400μL/L CO₂浓度下的60.53%。在2个CO₂浓度下,氟吡呋喃酮LC_20<...     

我国蔬菜作物重大入侵害虫发生、危害与控制

蔬菜是我国重要的经济作物,近年来外来入侵害虫给我国蔬菜生产造成了重大损失。本文以严重危害我国蔬菜作物的3类重大入侵害虫-烟粉虱、西花蓟马和斑潜蝇为例,从入侵昆虫的发现、种群鉴定、分布扩散趋势及其规律、灾变机制以及可持续治理技术体系的研究与应用等方面概述了我国蔬菜入侵害虫研究的主要成就。     

两种猎物饲养对东亚小花蝽捕食作用的影响

本文研究了用两种猎物（豆蚜Aphis craccivora、西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis）饲养后的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri成虫对单一猎物的捕食作用及对混合猎物的选择性。结果表明：用不同猎物饲养后的东亚小花蝽成虫对单一猎物的捕食量都随着猎物密度的增加而增大。东亚小花蝽对饲料的选择性研究发现：猎物密度设置为5、10、15、20、25、30头.皿-1,用西花蓟马饲养3代的东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马和豆蚜的捕食量分别是4.80、8.80、11.40、16.00、20.20、20.60头和3.00、4.60、6.40、10.20、15.80、16.20头,两者之间存在显著性差异,倾向于选择西花蓟马;用豆蚜饲养3代的东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马和豆蚜的捕食量分别是4.00、5.80、8.00、11.80、14.80、16.20头和4.80、6.80、12.00、15.20、18.80、19.20头,两者之间存在显著性差异,倾向于选择豆蚜。本结果说明东亚小花蝽对长期取食的猎物已产生了适应性。